The first confirmed report of a Red-necked Stint (Calidris ruficollis) in British Columbia was an adult in full breeding plumage found on June 24, 1978 at Iona Island, Richmond. Since then, there has been a slow but steady increase in observations of this beautiful Asian shorebird in British Columbia and, indeed, across the whole of North America. With an increase in both observer coverage and the knowledge of observers, this species is now known to be of regular, and probably annual, occurrence during fall migration in coastal British Columbia. Additionally, this species is now recorded occasionally during spring migration, indicating that at least a few individuals may be successfully wintering farther south in the western hemisphere.

Identification of this species is straightforward when presented with a full breeding-plumaged adult, but identification of birds in juvenile and faded breeding plumage can be very complicated due to the close similarities to other small Calidris shorebirds. This paper describes the distribution and occurrence of the species in BC, and also examines the similarities of all plumages of Red-necked Stint to species with which it might be confused, most notably Little Stint (C. minuta), Semipalmated Sandpiper (C. pusilla), and Western Sandpiper (C. mauri). It is hoped that the discussions presented here will fuel further interest in this species in North America and hopefully allow more people to be fortunate enough to lay eyes on this elusive shorebird gem.

DISTRIBUTION

The Red-necked Stint breeds across the high arctic regions of Siberian Russia, ranging from the Taimyr Peninsula west across northern Siberia to the Chukotsky Peninsula. In North America, the breeding range of this species is limited to northern and Western Alaska, particularly along the coastlines of the Seward Peninsula and the coastal regions around Point Barrow. The Red-necked Stint winters widely throughout Southeast Asia, occurring from southern China and Myanmar west through Malaysia, Indonesia, coastal New Guinea, and Australia to New Zealand. The primary migration routes used in spring and fall bring large numbers of this species to Korea, Japan, Hong Kong and the Philippines (Veit and Jonsson 1984). Away from their limited breeding range, Red-necked Stints in North America are regular (albeit rare to uncommon) as migrants only in the Aleutian Islands and through the Bering Sea of Alaska. Vagrants have been recorded along both coasts of North America, as well as in Hawaii, South America, Europe and South Africa (Veit and Jonsson 1984, Rosair and Cottridge 1995). There are 18 confirmed records for British Columbia, all from coastal regions, with 12 coming from the lower Fraser River Valley (Boundary Bay, Iona Island, Sea Island, Reifel Bird Sanctuary). Click HERE to view the data. Elsewhere in Canada, this species has been recorded once in Alberta and once in Saskatchewan (Escott 1995) and (Godfrey 1986).

IDENTIFICATION

Voice:

The call notes given by Red-necked Stint include coarse, almost squeaky chit, prip, and pit-pit-pit notes, sounding lower-pitched than the short, dry stit call of Little Stint and approaching the lower cherk or chrup calls of Semipalmated Sandpiper (Hayman et al 1986). The call notes of Red-necked Stint differ greatly from the sharp, high-pitched, almost grating jeet or cheet calls of Western Sandpiper. Red-necked Stint also sometimes gives a short trill when flushed  (Hayman et al 1986).
 

Figure 1. Adult plumaged stints and sandpipers.

Figure 1a. Adult Little Stint molting into breeding plumage,
Netherlands - May 5, 2005 © Pim A. Wolf.
 

Figure 1b. Adult Little Stint in full breeding plumage,
Netherlands - May 5, 2005 © Pim A. Wolf.
 

Figure 1c. Adult Red-necked Stint in full breeding plumage,
Netherlands - July 6, 2004 © Pim A. Wolf.
 

Figure 1d. Adult Red-necked Stint in breeding plumage,
Grevelingen, Netherlands - July 6, 2004 © Pim A. Wolf.
 

Figure 1e. Adult Semipalmated Sandpiper in full breeding plumage,
Iona Island, Richmond BC - July 24, 2005 © Rick Toochin.
 

Figure 1f. Adult Semipalmated Sandpiper in full breeding plumage,
Iona Island, Richmond BC - July 24, 2005 © Rick Toochin.
 

Figure 1g. Adult Western Sandpiper molting into breeding plumage,
French Creek BC - April 23, 2004 © Mike Yip.
 

Figure 1h. Adult Western Sandpiper in worn breeding plumage,
Roberts Bank Jetty, Delta BC - July 19, 2005 © Rick Toochin.
 

Separating Adults

Identification of fresh adults anywhere in B.C. should present few problems, particularly when compared to similarly-plumaged Western and Semipalmated Sandpipers, but this species can be highly variable with regard to the extent of red on the throat and face and care may be required when confronted with individuals with reduced red, particularly when compared with Little Stint (See Figure 1a compared to Figure 5). When in full breeding plumage, such as those individuals seen on the coast in late June and July, the red throat and face of Red-necked Stint should catch the observer’s eye immediately and allow for quick identification (See Figure 1c and Figure 1d).  

The following additional field marks should prove helpful when confronted with a faded or worn adult (such as in mid to late summer) and a thorough knowledge of these additional features may be necessary for identification in some cases.

Head and Breast Pattern: Red-necked Stints seen on the coast in late June and through July are often in full breeding plumage, at which point the entire head, throat, and upper breast are rich rusty-red (except for narrow blackish streaks on the crown and a small pale area around the base of the bill), eliminating confusion with any other species. Spring Red-necked Stints in very fresh breeding plumage have extensive red on the face and throat, as in full breeding plumage, but the red coloration is often paler and more washed out and the narrow blackish crown streaks are edged with frosty-white. From mid-July through August, however, observers may be confronted with worn, faded breeding adults which may appear superficially similar to our other small sandpipers, most notably breeding Little Stint, although the reddish coloration on the head and breast of Little Stint is slightly more orange-tinged than in Red-necked Stint. When worn, the throat and supercilium of Red-necked Stint become gradually whiter and the red coloration becomes less extensive, until at the extreme it is reduced to a pale reddish wash across the upper breast and on the crown, nape, and auriculars (Lewington et al 1991). As well, the auriculars and lores become increasingly dusky, eventually appearing to form a narrow dark mask across the face. The pale supercilium often splits up the forehead, a feature shared with (and even more prominent in) Little Stint but not Western or Semipalmated Sandpipers (Lewington et al 1991). Breeding-plumaged Western Sandpipers throughout the summer have all reddish tones on the head restricted to the auriculars, crown, and upper nape, never extending anywhere onto the throat or upper breast as in Red-necked Stint (See Figure 1g and Figure 1h and compare to Figure 1c and Figure 1d). Breeding-plumaged Semipalmated Sandpipers generally lack any reddish tones on the head, making separation from adult Red-necked Stint straightforward (See Figure 1e and Figure 1f and compare to Figure 1c and Figure 1d). 

A critical feature for separation of adult Little and worn adult Red-necked Stints is the distribution of dark speckling on the breast. In Red-necked Stint, these dark speckles are below the pure reddish breast, even when worn, whereas in Little Stint the reddish coloration across the upper breast is peppered with dark speckles throughout (Lewington et al 1991) (See Figure 1b and compare to Figure 1c).   

Under parts: In Red-necked Stints, the dark spots below the red throat form a necklace across the upper breast, extending only slightly down the upper sides. In both Western and Semipalmated Sandpipers, these dark spots extend further down the sides to the upper flanks, often appearing as more extensive streaks (Compare Figure 1c, Figure 1d, Figure 4 and Figure 5 to Figure 1e and Figure 1f, and Figure 1g and Figure 1h). 

Upperparts: Both Red-necked and Little Stints are separable from Western and Semipalmated Sandpipers by upper part coloration, as the scapular feathers of both have bold, rounded black centres, distinct reddish edges, and whitish tips (Lewington et al 1991) and (Veit and Jonsson 1984). Western Sandpipers also have rusty-red scapular feathers, but in that species the red coloration is located near the base of each feather, separated from the whitish featheredge by an anchor-shaped black band. Semipalmated Sandpiper also has black feather centres, like Red-necked and Little Stints, but largely lacks the reddish coloration (although some have a slight reddish tinge along the edges) and the black centres are less rounded. The mantle on Red-necked and Little Stints shows a series of blackish lines with two whitish lines along the edge of the scapulars forming a whitish “V” when viewed from behind (Lewington et al 1991). Although a similar field mark is shown by Western and Semipalmated Sandpipers, it is much more noticeable in the stints. With Little Stints showing bold mantle “V” markings and Red-necked Stints showing softer less defined mantle “V” markings (Lewington et al 1991) and (Grant et al 1984).  Additionally, even in the brightest breeding plumage, the wing coverts and tertials of Red-necked Stints are always grayish or brownish with paler feather edges (some tertials occasionally with reddish edges in the brightest adults) (Veit and Jonsson 1984). This feature is a good field mark for separating adults from adult Little Stints, which show extensive rufous feather edges on the upper wing coverts and tertials in breeding plumage (Veit and Jonsson 1984)(See Figure 1c and compare to Figure 1b).
 

Figure 2. Juvenile plumaged stints and sandpipers.

Figure 2a. Brightly colored juvenile Little Stint, Finland - August 2004
© Jorma Tenovuo.
 

Figure 2b. Brightly plumaged juvenile Little Stint, Finland
- September 20, 2004 © Markus Keskitalo.
 

Figure 2c. Bright juvenileRed-necked Stint, Aomori Prefecture, Japan - July 1997 © Mike Danzenbaker.
 

Figure 2d. Bright plumaged juvenile Red-necked Stint at Beidaihe, Hebei, China, September 8, 2005 © Alister Benn.
 

Figure 2e. JuvenileRed-necked Stint, Aomori Prefecture, Japan -
July 1997 © Mike Danzenbaker.
 

Figure 2f. An extremely buffy juvenile Semipalmated Sandpiper,
Iona Island, Richmond BC - July 25, 2004 © Rick Toochin.
 

Figure 2g. Juvenile Semipalmated Sandpiper, Boundary Bay BC
- August 12, 2005 © Rick Toochin.
 

Figure 2h. Juvenile Semipalmated Sandpiper, Boundary Bay BC
- August 15, 2005 © Rick Toochin.
 

Figure 2i. Juvenile Semipalmated Sandpiper showing extreme color variation, Boundary Bay BC - September 12, 2005 © Rick Toochin.
 

Figure 2j. Another angle of the same juvenile Semipalmated Sandpiper, Boundary Bay BC - September 12, 2005 © Rick Toochin.
 

Figure 2k. Juvenile Western Sandpipers, Iona Island South Jetty, Richmond BC - August 27, 2005 © Rick Toochin.
 

Figure 2l. A bright juvenile plumaged Western Sandpipers, Iona Island South Jetty, Richmond BC - August 27, 2005 © Rick Toochin.
 

Separating Juveniles

Identification of juvenile Red-necked Stints in British Columbia is very difficult given the similarities to other juvenile peeps, especially juvenile Semipalmated Sandpipers, and extreme caution is necessary when attempting to identify such a subtly distinctive plumage. Variation within the small Calidris sandpipers is very extensive, often confusing even shorebird experts, and a cautious approach must be taken with vagrants such as Red-necked Stints. Juvenile Red-necked Stints can vary from dull-plumaged birds resembling Semipalmated Sandpipers to brighter, rustier birds more similar to Little Stints, with the brightest and freshest-plumaged birds occurring earlier during migration with the brightest juvenile Western and Semipalmated Sandpipers (the latter is a particularly important pitfall for those not familiar with the plumage). The subtle structural differences of individual Calidris species becomes even more important than when confronted with adults, and as a result it is highly desirable that photographic evidence be obtained of suspected juvenile Red-necked or Little Stints.

Head and Breast Pattern: One feature of the two juvenile stints that may help separate them from juvenile Western and Semipalmated Sandpipers is the “capped” appearance of the head which is created by the brighter, rusty crown contrasting sharply with the grayish nape. This collared pattern is most obvious when viewed from behind or above and is much more prominent in Red-necked and Little Stints than the two sandpipers, although those species can also show a suggestion of the pattern (See Figures 2a-b along with Figure 2c and compare to Figures 2g-h and 2k-l). As well, the sides of the crown of Red-necked Stint tend to be paler and more finely streaked than the centre of the crown, a feature that can be used to separate such individuals from juvenile Semipalmated Sandpiper with its usually more uniform crown (Lewington et al 1991). Another feature that is shared by the two stints but is not as prominent on the two sandpipers is the split supercilium. On Red-necked Stints and, especially, Little Stints, the whitish supercilium splits in front of the eye, with a narrow spur running up the side of the forehead and, often, along the side of the crown in addition to the supercilium (Lewington et al 1991). This forehead pattern is best observed when viewing the bird head-on or from above, although it is not nearly as prominent as on juvenile Little Stints (See Figure 2b). In Western and Semipalmated Sandpipers this feature is absent or much reduced and is never as prominent as in the two stints. Additionally, the supercilium of Red-necked Stints is usually interrupted above the eye by a diffuse, dusky area, a feature typically not shown by the other species with which it can be confused (Lewington et al 1991). The ear coverts of Red-necked Stints tend to look more uniformly dark than on Little Stints, which often has a paler area behind the eye (Lewington et al 1991).  

The sides of the neck and sides of the breast in juvenile Red-necked Stint are usually washed with buff and finely streaked, a feature which can be used to separate those birds from juvenile Little Stints which tends to have the buff wash and slightly more prominent streaking extend across the upper breast (Lewington et al 1991)(See Figures 2c-e and compare to Figures 2a-b).  

Upper parts: The most consistent difference between juvenile Red-necked Stints and the other small Calidris sandpipers is the pattern of the mantle and scapular feathers. When fresh, both Red-necked and Little Stints have distinctive stripes down each side of the mantle, often referred to as white “braces,” giving the birds the appearance of having a white “V” down the back when viewed from behind (Lewington et al 1991, Veit and Jonsson 1984)(See Figure 2b and Figures 2d -e). These white “braces” generally become much less distinctive or even almost absent in Red-necked Stints as the plumage becomes worn whereas in Little Stints they tend to remain bold and distinctive throughout juvenile plumage, allowing this feature to be used to separate the two stints in late summer when in faded plumage (Lewington et al 1991). The mantle feathers of the stints in particular tend to be richer and brighter rufous than in Western or Semipalmated Sandpipers, adding further contrast to the white and dark mantle stripes (Lewington et al 1991). This “streaked” appearance of the mantle is particularly useful when separating juvenile stints from juvenile Semipalmated Sandpipers, as that species tends to have a more “scaled” or “scalloped” pattern on the mantle due to the very fine pale fringes on the feathers (See Figure 2g-2j). The upperparts of worn juvenile Red-necked Stints can often approach the appearance of juvenile Western Sandpipers, with the bold rufous scapulars contrasting with the duller, grayer mantle and wing coverts, although the brightness of the scapulars and their subsequent contrast are typically not quite as apparent as on the sandpiper (Lewington et al 1991). A further distinction between these two species is the face pattern, which appears “cleaner” in Western Sandpipers with a bolder, broader, unbroken whitish supercilium (Lewington et al 1991). The breast of Western Sandpipers also tends to have slightly more extensive fine streaking, although this is most apparent only on fresh birds (See Figure 2k and Figure 2l).    

The scapular feathers of Red-necked Stints offer a further distinction from Little Stints and the two North American peeps. In Red-necked Stints, the lower scapulars are dull grayish with buffy or rufous-buff fringes and a dark, anchor-shaped distal area, fading to dull grayish with paler fringes when worn (Lewington et al 1991). In Little Stints, these lower scapulars have fully dark centres with narrow whitish and rufous edges, giving the bird an overall brighter rufous appearance on the upperparts. This contrasting, brighter rufous appearance is also enhanced by the extensive rusty edges to the dark wing covert and tertial feathers in Little Stints (Lewington et al 1991). In Red-necked Stints, these feathers are duller grayish with pale edges (sometimes tinged with some rufous on the wing coverts), often giving the wings a washed-out, grayish appearance (Veit and Jonsson 1984)(Compare Figure 2d with Figure 2a to see differences). The scapulars of Western Sandpipers differ from both Red-necked and Little Stints in being more extensively rufous towards the base with blackish marks towards the tips and pale fringes, especially when fresh (Lewington et al 1991)(See Figure 2l). In Semipalmated Sandpipers the scapulars are more akin to Red-necked Stints, although the more prominent pale fringes give them a scaly appearance (Lewington et al 1991)(See Figures 2g-i).

Separating Other Similar Species

The identification of breeding-plumaged Sanderling (Calidris alba), a common migratory species along the coast of British Columbia, can cause unexpected confusion for observers unaware of the similarities between that species and Red-necked Stint. Breeding-plumaged Sanderlings often begin to appear along the B.C. coast early in fall migration (July), at the same time when most occurrences of breeding-plumaged Red-necked Stints have been recorded in the province. Compared to Red-necked Stint, Sanderling is a much larger and noticeably chunkier shorebird, a fact that is especially evident when it is seen in the vicinity of Western or Semipalmated Sandpipers. When direct comparison to other small sandpipers is not possible, the most reliable plumage feature to separate Sanderling from Red-necked Stint is the presence of dark spotting throughout the red face and neck color (Chandler 1989). Red-necked Stint, in comparison, has black spotting restricted to a band across the upper breast below the extent of red colour, with the red face and throat unspotted. Sanderling is a longer-billed, longer-legged species than Red-necked Stint and, with exceptional views; the absence of a hind toe in Sanderling can also be used to differentiate the two species (Chandler 1989).

Another species closely resembling breeding-plumaged Red-necked Stint is breeding-plumaged Spoon-billed Sandpiper (Eurynorhynchus pygmeus). This critically endangered species has occurred once in British Columbia (Iona Island, Vancouver: July 30-August 3, 1978) (Campbell et al 1990, Paulson 1993). According to BirdLife International, the current world population of Spoon-billed Sandpipers is thought to have declined from 4000-6000 breeding pairs to less than a 1000 breeding pairs (Tomkovich et al 2001). The Spoon-billed Sandpiper is a widely migratory species wintering in select regions of South East Asia from Thailand to Bangladesh and breeding in the Far East of Russia (Tomkovich et al 2001). Because Spoon-billed Sandpipers are highly migratory there is always an extremely remote chance of another bird finding its way down the West Coast of North America. When possible, this species is best separated from Red-necked Stint by the thicker bill base and unique spatulated bill tip (Hayman et al 1986). The brick red face, throat, and upper breast of a breeding-plumaged adult Spoon-billed Sandpiper are similar to that of a breeding Red-necked Stint, but the dark breast streaks extend lower on the breast and down the flanks (Hayman et al 1986). The top of the forehead, crown and hindneck are suffused with chestnut-red and dark brown (Hayman et al 1986). The supercilium is chestnut-red and suffused with dark brown in front of the eye, fading to whitish behind the eye (Hayman et al 1986). The whitish feathering around the base of the bill in the Spoon-billed Sandpiper is also more extensive than on Red-necked Stint (Hayman et al 1986). On the back there is a well defined pale mantle “V” on Spoon-billed Sandpiper, and the dark feather centres and yellow-chestnut feather fringes of the scapulars extend further down on the wing towards the coverts than on adult Red-necked Stint (Hayman et al 1986). "Spoon-billed Sandpipers have a distinct feeding behaviour that is unique among all the world's sandpipers, moving their head from side to side using their spatulated bills to catch their intended prey (Hayman et al 1986).

 OCCURRENCE

Red-necked Stint in British Columbia is primarily a fall coastal migrant, with the majority of records concentrated around the shorebird meccas of the lower Fraser River Valley. Elsewhere along the coast, fall records have come from the Queen Charlotte Islands, southern Vancouver Island, and the Gulf Islands. This species is much rarer in spring, although a couple of spring records exist for the lower Fraser River Valley and one for eastern Vancouver Island. Although no records exist, it could potentially also turn up with flocks of migrating peeps anywhere in the interior of the province. Whenever found in British Columbia, this species is invariably found in association with other small Calidris sandpipers, particularly Western and Semipalmated Sandpipers, occurring in habitats such as mudflats, sandy beaches, and sewage ponds. Within these flocks, adult Red-necked Stints are usually very obvious with their extensively red head, although faded adults may require closer scrutiny to pick out. In British Columbia, all but one of the confirmed records of Red-necked Stint are of adult birds in breeding plumage, indicating the relative ease at which this plumage is located and identified compared to juveniles. The single confirmed record of a juvenile bird is of one photographed in late fall at Iona Island near Vancouver. Although unconfirmed, several other records of juvenile Red-necked Stint exist for the coast of the province, their status as hypothetical because these records lack of photographic evidence.   

Adult Red-necked Stints generally appear with the first waves of adult Western Sandpipers, from late June through July, with the brightest birds found earlier during migration. This time represents the peak of occurrence of the species in BC, although the difficulty of locating and identifying faded adults and juveniles likely obscures its true status through the remainder of fall migration. Juvenile Red-necked Stints probably associate with migrating juvenile Western Sandpipers, which begins in late July and continues to early October. The three spring records of Red-necked Stint are all in May with returning flocks of adult Western Sandpipers. Two of these spring records were preceded by fall records the previous year, suggesting that either the same birds are involved in both fall and spring or that multiple Red-necked Stints are passing through this region each fall, with the few that survive the winter reappearing the following spring. The latter hypothesis seems much more likely. 

DATA AND PHOTO DOCUMENTATION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA RECORDS

1.  (1) adult breeding plumage 24-25 June 1978: (photo) Iona Island, Richmond  (Campbell et al 1990)

2.  (1) adult breeding plumage 13-15 July 1978: (photo) Iona Island, Richmond (Campbell et al 1990) 

3.  (1) adult breeding plumage 25-26 August 1978: (photo) Iona Island, Richmond (Campbell et al 1990)

4.  (1) adult breeding plumage 3-4 July 1986: (photo) Iona Island, Richmond (Campbell et al 1990)

5.  (1) adult breeding plumage 26 June-5 July 1988: (photo) Iona Island, Richmond (Campbell et al 1990) 

6.  (1) adult breeding plumage 18 July 1989:  Sidney Island (D. Allinson pers. comm.)

7.  (1) adult breeding plumage 23-24 June 1992: (photo) Sandspit Airport  (P. Hamel pers. comm.)

     (2) adults breeding plumage 25 June 1992: (photo) Sandspit Airport  (P. Hamel pers. comm.)

     (1) adult breeding plumage 26-28 June 1992: (photo) Sandspit Airport  (P. Hamel pers. comm.)

8.  (2) adults breeding plumage 13 July 1992: Boundary Bay  (Dorsey 1996)

9  .(1) adult breeding plumage 20 May 1997: (photo) Iona Island, Richmond  (Plath 2000)

10.(1) adult breeding plumage 19 June 1997: Reifel Refuge, Delta  (Plath 2000)

11.(1) adult breeding plumage 2 July 1998:  Iona Island, Richmond  (Plath 2000)

12.(1) juvenile plumage 28 October-17 November 1999: Iona Island, Richmond  (Bain and Shannon 1999). (See Figure 3 for
          images of this bird).

13.(1) adult breeding plumage 15 May 2003: Boundary Bay  (Bain 2003a)

14.(1) adult breeding plumage 7 August 2003: Boundary Bay, Delta  (Bain 2003b)

15.(1) adult breeding plumage 7 May 2005: (photo) Englishman River Estuary (G. Monty pers. comm.). (See Figure 4 for an
           image of this bird).

16.(1) adult faded breeding plumage July 2, 2005: Iona Island Sewage Ponds, Richmond (R. Toochin pers. comm.). (See Figure 5
          for an image of this bird).

17.(1) adult faded breeding plumage July 16, 2005: Witty’s Lagoon (D. Allinson pers comm.)

18.(1) adult faded breeding plumage August 11, 2006: Boundary Bay (Ilya Povalyaev pers. comm.)

 
REFERENCES

Bain, M. 2003a. Cross Canada round-up: April and May 2003. Birders Journal, 12: 94.

Bain, M. 2003b. Cross Canada round-up: August and September 2003. Birders Journal, 12: 183.

Bain, M., and D. Shannon. 1999. Cross Canada round-up: October and November 1999. Birders Journal, 8: 264.

Campbell, R.W., N.K. Dawe, I. McTaggart-Cowan, J.M. Cooper, G.W. Kaiser and M.C.E. McNall.1990. The birds of  British Columbia, Volume. 2 Non Passerines: Diurnal Birds of Prey through Woodpeckers. R.B.C. Museum, Victoria.

Chandler, R.J. 1989. The MacMillan Field Guide to North Atlantic Shorebirds. The MacMillan Press Ltd, London, UK.

Dorsey, J. 1996. Vancouver Rare Birds Records: Committee Report for 1992 and 1993. Discovery, 25: 66-70.

Escott, C.J. 1995. Extralimital Occurrence of Rufous-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis in North America. Birders Journal, 4: 132-138.

Godfrey, W.E., 1986. The Birds of Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Grant, P.J. and L. Jonsson. 1984. Identification of Stints and Peeps. British Birds, 77: 293-315.

Hayman, P., J. Marchant and T. Prater, 1986. Shorebirds, An identification Guide to the Waders of the World. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA, USA.

Lewington, I., P. Alstrom and P. Colston. 1991. A Field Guide to the Rare Birds of Britain and Europe. Harper Collins Publishers, Jersey, UK.

Paulson, D., 1993. Shorebirds of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA, USA.

Plath, T. 2000. Vancouver Birds Committee Report 1994 to 1999. Discovery, 29: 41-51.

Rosair, D. and D. Cottridge, 1995. Photographic Guide to the Shorebirds of the World. Facts on File, New York, USA.

Tomkovich, P., Zockler, C., et al. 2001. Spoon-billed Sandpiper (Eurynorhynchus pygmeus) - Probable Population Crash," www.surfbirds.com, Featured Articles, USA.

Veit, R.R. and L. Jonsson, 1984. Field Identification of Smaller Sandpipers within the Genius Calidris. American Birds 38:853-876.